Science: Notes for Pangaea Unit

These are the notes I took during the Pangaea unit in science.
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1. Rocks, Diamonds, and Mountain Ranges

Rocks:

      Some rocks in Africa and South America have similarities, with same patterns called "graining".
      Rocks with "graining" patterns are about 2 billion years old, but some rocks in Africa are 500 million years old.
      A group of geologists went to find boundaries between old and new rocks, and found one where the Continental Drift theory by Alfred Wegener had estimated.

Diamonds:

      Kimberlite is a type of volcanic rock.

      Diamonds in kimberlite gets bigger towards the east.

Mountain Ranges:

      Caledonian Mountain Range used to be as tall as Himalayas, but corrosion levelled it to a stubby mountain base. 

      Remains of the Caledonian Mountains are found all over the nearby continents.

      There are no present mountain ranges that are thousands of km across and long, so the mountain couldn't have  been once one big mountain.

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2. Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener: German scientist who theorized the idea of all the continents at one time being connected in one giant supercontinent.
Continental Drift: Idea that the continents are not stationary but by some mechanism (force) move on top of the Earth's surface.
Pangaea: One large supercontinent which existed 300 million years ago - explains the presence of similar fossils, rocks, glacial striations, flora + fauna mountain ranges, and diamond.
Seafloor Spreading: Process that occur at mid ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity.
Seafloor Structures: Formation such as volcanoes, ridges, trenches formed where landmass collide or fall apart (diverge).
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3. Ocean Floor
The ways to map the ocean floor:
      Sonar - uses echo location
      Picture camera robots - tiny robots that go around the ocean floor taking millions of pictures
      Satellite - special photography that shows where land is
      Geofoam - heavy object on a piece of string dropped down to determine how deep the ocean is

Types of earth crusts:
Continental: above water (land)
Oceanic: underwater (seafloor)

Types of plate boundaries:
Convergent: 2 plates colliding
Divergent: 2 plates moving apart
Transform vault: 2 plates moving parallel in different directions
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4. Earth Layers
Layers of Earth in order from inner most layer to outer most:
Core (inner and outer core): 2900 - 6371 km deep, mostly composed of iron and is sulfur-rich (inner core is a solid, while outer core is a flowing liquid)
Mantle (mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere): 45 - 2900 deep, mostly composed of peridotite (mesosphere and lithosphere is solid, while asthenosphere is plastic)
Crust: 0 - 45 km deep, mostly composed of granite, andesite, and basalt (solid)

Thickness comparison: Core > Mantle > Crust
Temperature comparison: Core > Mantle > Crust
Depth: Core > Mantle > Crust
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5. Density
Density formula: Density = Mass ÷ Volume
Volume: How much space something takes up, measured in cm cubed (solids), and ml (liquids). Conversion between them: ml : cm cubed = 1 : 1
Mass: How heavy the object weighs, measured in grams
To determine mass: Use balance or scale
To determine volume: use beaker, graduated cylinder, displacement method, lwh (regular objects)